The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The Immune System Essays

INTRODUCTIONIn order to provide a detailed analysis of recent pharmacological developments involving the human resistive system, it is for the first time necessary to introduce the innate and adaptive repellent responses . Immunosuppressants and immunomodulators give be differentiated between and a selection of new and often data-based drugs belonging to each category provide be provided. Specific drugs will be described including the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics involved with each type. The possible clinical uses will be alluded to along with details from recent research.INNATE prerogative innate resistivity is the first line of defence and comprises physical (skin), biochemical (complement, lysozyme) and cellular (macrophages, neutrophils) mechanisms (Katzung, 1998). All these mechanisms are non- limited, anti-microbial agents which work in conjunction with adaptive immune responses to provide a more effective system (Downie et. al., 1995).ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYThe adapt ive immune system is split into two mechanisms humoral impedance and cell-mediated immunity. A basic understanding of these concepts is necessary for the purpose of understanding the specific effects of different immunopharmacological agents. HUMORAL IMMUNITYHumoral or antibody-mediated immunity is associated with B-lymphocyte cells. Antigens are foreign molecules that initiate an immune response, they have inherent immunogenicity (Tortora & vitamin A Grabowski, 1996). Upon contact with an antigen, B-cells divide to produce a clone of plasma cells confident of the production of antibodies. Antibodies are immunoglobulins, modified blood proteins with a specific perform against antigens. Five main sub-types of immunoglobulins have been identified of which IgG is the most commodious in bodily fluids (Hopkins, 1995). Several cells are known to initiate the subprogram of plasma cell differentiation and are known collectively as antigen presenting cells (APCs) (Waller & vitamin A Ren wick, 1994).LymphokinesThe antigen on the surface of the APC triggers TH-cells to produce hormone-like lymphokines (Lessof, 1993). Lymphokines are cytokines, regulators of the immune reactions which are produced by lymphocytes. Ex angstromles of these chemicals include interleukins, interferon and tumour necrosis factors. Their action involves the legislation of the proliferation, differentiation and activity of leukocytes (Dale et. al., 1994). The na... ...nours/himmun.html">http//www.pharm.uwa.edu.au/aussie/honours/himmun.htmlKahan, B. D. (1998) History of Immunosuppression AT <a href="http//surgery.uth.tmc.edu/organ_transplant/historyimmu.html">http//surgery.uth.tmc.edu/organ_transplant/historyimmu.htmlNijk adenosine monophosphate, F.P. & Parnham, M. J. (1999) Principles of Immunopharmacology AT <a href="http//www.springer_ny.com/catalog/np/mar99np/3-7643-5780-0.html">http//www.springer_ny.com/catalog/np/mar99np/3-7643-5780-0.htmlSchultze, J. &a mp Johnson, P. (1999) A Stimulating New Target for Cancer Immunotherapy IN The fishgig vol. 354, Oct. 9, 1999, pp1225-1226Stadtlander Drug Distribution Co. Inc. (1998) Investigational Immunosuppressants for Transplantation AT <a href="http//www.stadtlander.com/ suffer/immunosuppren.html">http//www.stadtlander.com/feature/immunosuppren.htmlSwope, V.B Abel-Malek, Z Kassem, L. M. & Nordlund, J.J. (1991) Interleukins 1 Alpha & 6 & Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha are Paracrine Inhibitors of Human Melanocyte Proliferation & Melanogenesis AT <a href="http//www.biosyna.com/patent.htm">http//www.biosyna.com/patent.htm