Personality Theory of Sigmund Freud Essay Example for Free

Personality hypothesis of Sigmund Freud EssayAccording to Freud, mankind has only two drives that mildew all thoughts, emotions, and desires- the need for sex and aggression. Sex is the equivalent of liveness- after all it is how we procreate the species and continue our lineage. invasion often leads to its equivalent death- which is also a control measure for procreating the species as it allows us to remove an adversary that may prevent procreation. Freud proposed that there are three levels to our personalities- the Id , the Ego, and the Superego. At birth, we are born with the Id, which he draw as being the part of the personality that demands our basic necessarily. It is important because it drives our instinct to obtain our basic needs and come about ourselves alive. It looks only for satisfaction of a hunger, whether it is for food, comfort or any other pleasurable sensation. As a child interacts in his first three years of life, the Ego begins to form. The Ego b egins to realize there are others that have needs and that interaction in the world means thinking of this and responding accordingly.Around five, the institution of the Superego starts as the child becomes trained in the moral and ethical ideas of his caregivers- it is often compared to the conscience. Throughout the rest of our life the Ego serves as the mediator between the Superego and the Id, keeping us from becoming either totally selfish and demanding or rigid and unbending in our interactions with others. In the fights with the Id and Superego, the Ego develops various defense mechanisms to help keep the balance.These defense mechanisms help the ego sate the ids impulsiveness without offending the Superegos moral position- all the tour keeping reality in check. Some of these defenses include denial, intellectualization, regression and sublimation. Perhaps the most debated of Freuds writings is his theory of psychosexual development and its five legs. The first stage, wh ich stretches from birth to 18 months, is the oral stage where the baby is focused on the pleasures associated with sucking. From 18 months to age three, the child is in the anal stage, where pleasure is derived from retaining and releasing.The priapic stage covers ages three to six, in which the pleasure zone switches to the genitals. This is the stage in which the Oedipal involved comes into play. The latency stage stretches from age six to puberty during which pleasures are repressed in order for accomplishment to take place. From puberty to death, we are in the genital stage in which our pleasure derives from the genitals. While umteen of his theories are not as popular today, Freud laid the groundwork for understanding the human mind.References Heffner, Christopher L, Personality Theory retrieved on May 29, 2009 from http//allpsych. com/personalitysynopsis/freud. html Stevenson, David B. Psychosexual Stages of Development retrieved on May 29, 2009 from http//www. victorianwe b. org/science/freud/develop. html Felluga, Dino. Modules on Freud On Psychosexual Development. Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. Purdue U. retrieved on May 29, 2009 from http//www. purdue. edu/guidetotheory/psychoanalysis/freud. html.

How to Invest Like Warren Buffett Essay Example for Free

How to Invest kindred warren Buffett Es introduceIntroductionSimplicity is the best word to describe the life of philanthropist and mega- ace million million millionaire rabbit warren Buffett. The same(p) single word also depicts his multi-billion worth of enthronement principles and strategies (Cunningham, 2008, p. 18). For much than fifty years Buffett was equal to pulp a multi-billion garbment pudding stone with his simple enthronization philosophical system. Like his more than 60 billion horse case under his name, Buffett, who is by far the greatest philanthropist of e rattling last(predicate) while for donating almost all of his wealth to the post-horse Melinda render Foundation, is also one of the most observed and most admired fibrelities in business with countless of articles, books and blogs written about him. If most common state visualize at him as the most generous man in the foundation today, people in the corporate world run into him as the greatest guru or even out divinity fudge in the realm of investment. With his great fortune, he is considered God in investment because of his ability to spot real encourage when everybody focuses their guardianship on mart movements and because of his unequalled skills and make outledge to transform simplicity into greatness. If most billionaires like Bill Gates and Lakshmi Mittal built their business empires by managing profitable technology corporations and industrial firms, Buffett made billions by simply knowing how and when to invest his money.How He StartedTo know more about the put sequestereds of rabbit warren Buffett, it is necessary to look at how he managed his most loved property his life, and how he lives it (Schroeder, 2008, p.1). He well-read how and when to earn money at an early age, and he filed his matter 1 income tax return when he was sole(prenominal) 13 (Sosik, 2006, p.149). Buffetts value investment c atomic number 18er started when he put his money in Berkshire Hathaway, a little kn admit and ignored holding troupe establish in Omaha, Nebraska in the 60s. Now everybody is startled to know that if you invested $10,000 in the caller-up in 1965, the value of that money today would be more than $30 million (Investopedia Staff, 2007).If his close billionaire friend Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard University to focus on Microsoft Corporation, Buffett, who is known in the business world as visionary of Omaha, was rejected by Harvard Business School. This experience somehow taught him a great deal not only about business entirely also about life. To most people Harvard is one of the best, if not the best, tames in the world, but Buffett thought otherwise his basis of choosing school was not the institution, but the people who would impart the infallible experience and values.So when asked about his mentors, Buffett only had three people on top of his mind his father, gum benzoin Graham, and Phil fisher. His father Howar d Buffett taught him the dictatorial values he needed to live, while Graham and Fisher taught him the introductory principles in investment and how to make money in this profession. His investment style is consisted in the following rubric debate outside the box.When he graduated from college, he wanted to make money in Wall Street, but his father and Graham discouraged him (Miles, 2004, p. 30). The two believed that at that place were great opportunities waiting for him outside Wall Street. That was the m when everybody wanted to work on Wall Street and when everybody focused their attention on the stock market place. Buffett believes that stocks ar more than just an asset or capital it is business.His PhilosophyIt would be futile to know the secrets of his billion dollar secrets without knowing how he deliberates and what he believes in. Unfortunately, most of his biographers failed miserably to look into what is in the mind of the worlds greatest investor. In fact, a rev iew of some literatures and articles would reveal that they just focus on the extrinsic side of Warren Buffett they failed to look at the intrinsic aspect of his life. Many believe that his school of thought is consisted in these two major Buffet rules first, never lose capital and second, dont ever forget the first rule (Miles, 2004, p. 70). It would be best to say that this does not embody Buffetts philosophy but quite an his manoeuvreal investment approach.A business philosophy is something that one holds as his simple direction in life the fountainhead of his concepts and beliefs, the beacon of his goal, and the reason for living. Buffertts business philosophy give the axe be expressed by his following simple quote Be feaful when others are greedy and be greedy when others are frightening (Hagstrom, 1997, p. 52).Essentially this buffett-line expresses the inherent record of free-market system, which he and his friend Bill Gates have in common. Under a free-market system, it is rational and ethical to be greedy, since the primary goal of a capitalist is not just to earn profit but to expand it and ensure that it creates limitless acquire and opportunities.For some this statement may sound ironic or paradoxical since it contradicts the popular or media-fed persona of Warren Buffett. With this belief that greed is ripe(p), Buffett was able to transform his meager investment into a multi-billion dollar empire that even exceeded that of Gates and Mittal. His investment experience proves that by creatively and greedily expend ones money one move make a good or even great fortune out of creative value investment.So what does it take to be like Warren Buffett? Definitely it takes a rational and moral philosophy, proper knowledge, and non-conventional investment point of view to follow the billion dollar investment footsteps of Buffett.But what is the role of philosophy in Warren Buffetts billion dollar investment dodging? The problem with most people is that they tend to mainly focus on tips, secrets, or strategies. Most triple-crown people did not achieve their status by keeping success secrets or strategies but by putting into action a rational philosophy that motivates and creates values.A simple look at the life and investment career of Buffett would reveal that it is his rational philosophy that continues to motivate him that keeps on pushing him to do what he does best. As what Fridson say, budding investors must focus on uncompromisingly rational investment philosophy of Warren Buffett. This is because investment secrets or strategies can be pull backed or learned in a very short span of time or even overnight, but it takes an indefinite period of time to absorb and embody a rational philosophy to translate these secrets or strategies to reality.Of course, this billionaire will not exactly say what people would like to know. Contrary to the many written articles about his investment secrets or strategies, Buffetts secr et is in fact consisted only of three simple words that should be practiced everyday read, research, and think (Miles, 2004, p. 70). Vague and ambiguous as it may seem but this three-pronged strategy is what Buffet practiced and somatic throughout his more than fifty years in the world of investment. That is why it is stressed in this root word that simplicity best describes the life and investment principles of Buffett.For example, this read-research-think approach of Buffett is the essential element of his cigar-butt investment method acting. Buffett in fact creatively applied this three-pronged approach in his early years as a value investor. unalike most investors, Buffett put much premium on his rational judgment than on what most people see in the market. His investment style can be likened to that of a diamond prospector. He knows how to evaluate which diamond is real or not in just a single glance. He reads, he researches, and he thinks.His Investment StrategyBuffetts inv estment strategy is governed by two rules and a number of principles. These dual rules have been mentioned above. This sets the difference between his investment philosophy and his investment strategy. Thus in this paper, Buffetts investment strategy is composed of rules and principles. Under his primary rule, it is not sensible or moral for an investor to invest and then later on lose his money. Thus this can be avoided by paying attention to his three-pronged investment approach read, research, and think.By following the aforementioned approach, a young investor may be able to discover several things that are essential in investments decision-making process. Buffett considered Graham as his investing mentor. According to Miles (2004, p. 72), it was the Graham school from which Buffett learned not just the basics but also the duodecimal principles in investment.On the other hand, he learned a great deal about Fishers soft side of investment, such as brand, management skills, sof t skills, and competition. Thus he said I am an active reader of everything Phil Fisher has to say (Miles, 2004, p. 72). Now every promising and even established investor is eager to hear what he has to say. Despite his unparalleled success as an investor, he silence gives credit to his two mentors, as he likes to say that he is 85 percent Graham and 15 percent Fisher (Hagstrom, 1997, p. 27).The reason why it is Copernican to read, research and think is because in investment, it is highly all-important(a) to consider the following aspects a) study the business b) know well who runs it c) put money in profits and the most important of all d) have self-esteem. On the other hand, Buffetts basic steps when investing are the following (Miles, 2004, p. 70)Determine how much you ownConduct research before buying focussing on business ownership not on stock ownershipSimplify investments to manageable proportions sustentation a single decision to hold a stock and be a continuing bearerFor example, before investing his money, Buffett researched first the nature and potentials of Gillette, which is unruffled the worlds top producer of razor trade name. Warrens holding company Berkshire Hathaway invested $600 million in Gillette in 1989 four years ago it already owned 11 percent of said company. This nub that from the original $600 million investment, Warrens holding companys investment grew up to over $3 billion. When he decided to buy Gillette, he did not mind its value in the market but the potential profits it could rise in the long run.As a value investor, Buffett put money in securities with low prices accord to their intrinsic value. In determining the value of a stock, there is no commonly acknowledged method to get the right figure. Basically, the focus of value investors is not on what the market says but on what the companys potentials and fundamentals offer. This is because there are some companies that are undervalued by the market yet with good pot entials to grow and rake in long profits. This is the attitude that Buffett showed to modern investors. Markets only reflect the short-term value of a company, and it takes proper knowledge, better understanding, and courage to discover which company is undervalued and has the competency to establish a long-term profit-making success.His investment methodologyBuffetts methodology is composed of quantitative aspects in value investment. Under this process, he considers the relation between a stocks quality and its value. Based on his method, the return on equity is equivalent to net income over shareholders equity (Investopedia Staff, 2007).One thing that Buffett considers is debt/equity. in advance investing, he conducts research whether a company kept away from excess obligation. This is actually a basic principle in investment do not invest in a company with Brobdingnagian debt. To Buffett, a debt-ridden company has a low capacity to guarantee return on equity. Debt/equity can be measured by dividing the total amount of obligations by shareholders equity (Investopedia Staff, 2007).If a company has more debt than equity, it is not advisable to put money in such company since it uses debt to finance its assets and operations. For instance, a company that has a higher ratio of debt vis--vis equity has an unpredictable earning capacity and is prone to high interest expenses (Vick, 2000, p. 169). When one is investing in a particular company, it is advisable to look at the long-term obligation rather than the total amount of debt.Another aspect that is considered by Buffett is the profit margin. However it is not only important to know if a companys profit margin is high, what is more important is to know whether it is growing. The capacity of a company to earn long-term profits relies not merely on having a positive profit margin but on constantly expanding this profit scope as well. The attitude of Buffett towards investment can be explained by how he manag ed Berkshire Hathaway. He purchases stocks to keep the same and he does not look at stocks as a commodity that can be bought and sold but as a business entity. His investment style is simple he buys stocks and treats them as his own business, and this business makes profits not just for a short span of time but for as long as it sash profitable.He also considers the age of the company the longer the better. Those that stay in the business for at least(prenominal) ten years are good investment opportunities. Since Buffett admits that he only has a limited knowledge in technology corporations he only puts money in a business which he utterly understands.He puts much premium on longevity, and this principle brought him where he is right now. When he invested in Berkshire Hathaway, he envisioned of a long-term business that could earn a limitless amount of profit. This is what he learned from Graham, which most researchers consider as the proponent of old school in investment. Perhap s the new school in investment is the buy-and-sell style of most investors wherein profits are short-term and limited.Interestingly, Buffett also looks at the nature of business of a particular company. If most investors usually look at numerical figures, Buffett focuses on the qualitative sides of a company. For example, if a company depends on a commodity like gas and oil, he thinks that such company only offers limited returns on equity (Investopedia Staff, 2007). If the product of a company is identical from those of its market rivals, he thinks that competition would hamper the profit-making ability of such company.To understand the importance of this approach in investment, it is necessary to look at the biggest stock holdings of Berkshire Hathaway. The holding company owns 9.5 percent of Gillette, which is the leader in razor blade industry (Jubak, 2004). It also owns 9.2 percent or $10.1 billion of Coca-Cola, which is one of the biggest companies in the beverage industry. Th e other companies which Berkshire has shareholdings are the following American Express, American Standard, Ameriprise Financial, Anheuser Busch, Burlington Northern, Comcast, Comdisco, Conoco Phillips, Diageo, First Data Corp., Gannett Inc., GAP, HR Block, Home Depot Inc., Ingersoll-Rd Co., Iron Mountain, Johnson Johnson, among many others (Losch Management Co., 2006).ConclusionBillionaire Warren Buffett is indeed an unconventional value investor who thinks outside the box. At a time when most people paid attention to what the stock market says, Buffett relied only on his competent judgment, on his rational philosophy, and on his self-styled investment principles and strategies. That investment philosophy be greedy when others are headacheful put him to where he is right now, with billions of dollars in his. Despite his unmatched success, he remains humble and still retains the ethical values he learned from his father (Boroson, 2002, p. 18).In business, greed is moral and good. I n contrast, fear is something that must be overcome to earn limitless profits from investment. Indeed, Buffett attained his unparalleled success by being greedy while others cowered in fear of losing their money. Taken as a whole, his investment tactic can be summarized into three essential principles a) make your strategy simple and understandable b) be self-consistent with your operations and approaches c) focus on positive long-standing prospects.One interesting point to take into account is that Buffetts philosophy and investment strategies never contradict each other. When he advises new investors to be greedy, he means profits and business. And when he tells people who would like to follow his footsteps to read, research, and think, he would like them to rely on their own judgment and not be affected by other peoples opinion and market trends.With his more than fifty years in business, Buffett introduced the importance of self-esteem in investment. That it is important to rel y on ones moral judgment. By relying on his own judgment, Buffett maximized his profit-making capacity through Berkshire Hathaway. This means that there is no difference between the work ethics and potentials of a value investor and an industrialist. If Bill Gates and Lakshmi Mittal both(prenominal) create technology through their colossal industrial empires, Buffett creates limitless potentials through his creative and self-inspired investment principles.REFERENCESBoroson, W. (2002). J.K. Lassers Pick Stock Like Warren Buffett. New York WileyCunningham, L.A. (2002). How to Think Lke Benjamin Graham and Invest Like WarrenBuffett. New York McGrawhill Professional.Losch Management Co. (2006). Berkshire Hathaway Stock Holdings 2006. RetrievedDecember 11, 2008, from http//www.loschmanagement.com/Berkshire%20Hathaway/Berkshire%20Holdings/2006.pdfHagstrom, R.G. (1997). The Warren Buffett Way The Investment Strategies of the WorldsGreatest Investor. New York Wiley.Investopedia Staff (2007 , September 21). Warren Buffett How He Does It. International Business Times. Retrieved December 11, 2008, fromhttp//www.ibtimes.com/articles/20070921/how-he-does-it.htmMiles, R.P. (2004). Warren Buffett Wealth. Principles and Tactical Methods Used by the Worlds Greatest Investor. London WileySosik, J.J. (2006). Leading With Character. North Carolina culture Age Publishing.Vick, T.P. (2000). How to Pick Stock Like Warren Buffett. New York McGrawhillProfessional.

Comparing and contrasting the presentation Essay Example for Free

Comparing and contrasting the presentation EssayComparing and contrasting superpower in Hawk Roosting and Hu existence Interest The effects of power seem to be largely psychological in both poetrys. In Hu part interest the damage coursed by love and jealousy drives the man to pop out his lover , to show power not only to himself but to his young lady. Later on in the poem we see the man in his prison cell questioning his motive behind his sudden volley of rage whereas in Hawk Roosting the hawk believes theres no need for other marauders existence as nature is all his and no arguments can assert his right to his power to kill. In Hawk Roosting the hawk has no restrictions in life and does as he pleases as he sees himself as an all mighty being. But in Human Interest the man has a spur of the moment action that has a long-lasting effect, both on the dead girlfriend and on him in terms of a prison sentence.The effect of power on the hawk causes him to arrive arrogant and thi s making the pointlessness in other animals while the effect of power on man drives them insane and blind to those around us. The hawk wishes to keep things like this and although we know this is about the hawk wanting(p) to keep himself above all the rest he will eventually crumble and fall respectable as nature intended. The hawk abuses his power by killing those smaller then him to increase his condition in the food chain. The effects of power leave contrasting images of a grief-stricken man left wing in a secluded room and the arrogance of roaming free, though both eventually are seen as murderers in life and will be nothing more.

Different Ethnic Groups Essay Example for Free

incompatible Ethnic Groups EssayFemales are now able to achieve more in the pedagogy system. This is payable to the pattern of achievement. Since the early 90s females have been achieving higher and high and have clearly over taken males. In 2003/4 the females had taken over males by 20% in achieving 5 or more A*-C GCSE grades. This astronomical sexual activity gap is now causing some sociologists to be mended in male underachievement in the education system.However, being publicised by the media, males are not underachieving they are not improving as cursorily as females. Sociologists such as Sue Sharpe and Weiner, Arnot and David look at the reasons for the females success. Whereas sociologists, like Paul Willis and Mitsos and Browne suggest reasons for male underachievement. Sue Sharpes study discovered that in the 1970s girls had low expectations and were more likely to pay back a housewife and mother. They only saw jobs as a means of getting money onwards they marrie d.When she when she revisited girls in the 1990s, they had higher expectation and saw jobs as careers. Weiner, Arnot and David are cynical about the underachievement of boys. They feel that the concern about the boys underachievement is a reaction against the progress of women. They say that girls are succeeding because of the National Curriculum at GCSE level, but at A-level the subjects are still gendered. Meaning that not many females pick certain subjects and then limiting the subjects that can do.

Arts and Sciences essay Essay Example for Free

Arts and Sciences essay EssayTo what extent does the inseparable nature of lore act as an advantage for artists and an obstacle that is to be overcome by scientists?In the theory of knowledge, there are four-spot ways of knowing sensing, reasoning, language and emotion. The central focus is on perception which is fundament tout ensembley about employ wizard or more of the five senses to gain knowledge. There are several areas of knowledge such as the arts, sciences, human sciences, history, mathematics and ethics. However, the two focal areas of knowledge are the arts and sciences. A science is an area of knowledge where the scientific method is employed through formulating a hypothesis, constructing a method and order of payment a scientific conclusion from the results. The arts are completely antithetic on the other hand.It accentuates the vastness of using ones imagination and expressing emotions through an aesthetically pleasing medium be it visual arts, drama, dance, music or literature. Perception is known to be very subjective which means that different individuals can perceive and fancy the same(p) object in a different manner. What whitethorn be deduced by someone may not be the same as the conclusion that other person has drawn. The subjective nature of perception has been known to obscure the nature of science and at the same time, work well for artists. Despite true exceptions, the subjective nature of sense perception can be viewed as a substantial advantage for artists but it can be a hindrance for scientists.Perception is known to be very subjective no matter of the sense because different large number have different abilities and tastes. We know perception is subjective because one person might perceive something different from his/her acquaintance. For instance, in the movie A Beautiful Mind, the protagonist Nash has taken drugs and then he hallucinates. Whilst he collars images of his past, his family and friends are not able to put one across or hear those images therefrom Nashs perception has been substantially deceived.This shows that the perception is skewed towards one viewpoint because people have different abilities to see and hear different things. Another reason why perception may be subjective is because different individuals have different tastes and this can formulate differing opinions about a particular topic. For example, a Middle eastern person, who is not very accustomed to spicy food, might find jalapenos very spicy because of the amount of arouse in jalapeno however an Indian may find it insufficiently spicy because they eat overmuch spicier food at home.Across the world, different people have contrasting tastes therefore this makes the nature of perception even more subjective. However, there are counter claims which contravene with this knowledge issue. For instance, when it comes to color, almost everyone can have on one standpoint. For example, everyone can safely s ay that the sky is blue including the color blind people because they only struggle perceiving the colors red and green. This shows that perception is sometimes objective.There are some other examples that apply to the different senses besides eyesight. For example, coffee without any sugar is very bitter and almost all, if not all people can agree on the fact that sugarless coffee is bitter. This shows that there are some aspects of this world where peoples views about a particular object are the same no regardless of where they originate from. This means they acquire the same knowledge. However, the fact still remains that perception can sometimes be subjective because not too many people would interpret an object in the same manner due to differences in tastes, abilities and cultural perspectives.Moreover, we know that the subjective nature of perception can trammel net a scientist from gaining correct knowledge about the sciences. For example, according to what we cover in the chemistry syllabus, the atom is calm of protons, neutrons, electrons, electron shells and orbitals. However, these subatomic particles are so infinitesimally small to the extent that no one can be able to see them, not even with the aid of a microscope.This can pose a study problem for scientists because it hampers with their knowledge of atomic chemistry. It also ignites doubts about whether claims about the atom are correct or not. There are many experiments to find out what exists within an atom but they are all different, thus substantiating the subjective nature of perception. However, this can prove to be an invalid argument because different people interpret different phenomena differently. In this case, even though all the people would struggle to see the subatomic particles, some people would more easily find evidence of atomic structures. Acids are another example which substantiates the subjectivity of perception. Orange contains an acid called citric acid which has a hi gh pH and is therefore a weak acid.

Euthyphro & Classics of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Euthyphro Classics of Philosophy testifyIn its simplest term, the divine assure theory holds that given that divinity exists an act is replete(p) only because graven image ascendences it. In other words, anything that is non approved of by deity neverthelesstnot be considered to be considerably. A study problem associated with this view is raised in Euthyphro. The Euthyphro argues that the gods command things because they be replete(p) rather than that they atomic number 18 effective because they command it. Seen from another angle, the goodness of things precedes beau ideals command. However, considering the polytheistic nature of the society that Socrates and Euthyphro lived in, the origination that what is good is only good because gods command it may be take exceptiond by holing that the gods may render differences in opinion especially with cypher to issues of morality. As such, what may be dear to unity god may not necessarily be dear to another. As s uch, one action may be both pious and impious. The divine command theorists hold that the source of all moral value is the entrust of divinity fudge (Hall et al). Whatever is willed by God is morally good or obligatory and whatsoever he forbids is morally evil.With this regard, murder, theft and adultery ar morally wrong because, and only because they are command by God. On the other hand, justice and favor are morally good only because they are approved by God. The majority of divine command theorists hold that there is no intrinsic Good. Whatever is done and willed by God is good and whatever opposes the will of God is bad. As such, the good has its foundation and existence solely in Gods will. Indeed, it can be conceived that God can alter his mind and command murder. This is especially seen in the scriptures when he commanded Abraham to kill his son.He can also forbid acts of clemency. Simply by an act of will, God can change honor into vice and vice into virtue. The div ine command theory is first broached as a philosophical theory in Euthyphro. Euthyphro and Socrates are attempting to define holiness with Euthyphro proposing a definition that holiness is whatever is love by the gods. harmonize to Socrates, this definition is ambiguous in the sense that it does not offer any puddle comprehension of whether something is consecrated simply because it is loved by the gods or whether its loved by the gods because it is already beatified.By making a generalization from the case of holiness, it can be said that every something is morally good or honest because God commands it to be so or that God commands it because it is morally good or right to begin with (Pojman, 2002). In other words, either moral value depends on the will of god or the will of god depends on moral value. In Euthyphro, the two options are dramatically presented. That is, either the source of value depends on the divine will or elsewhere. Both Socrates and Euthyphro agree that it lies elsewhere and thence reject the divine command theory.They however do not explain where it rests. Platos view is right considering his god-independent puzzle out of the Good. However, the argument in Euthyphro can be hardly applied to the Christian God. Platos argument, as taken by Leibniz and other philosophers may be seen in the following context that honoring ones parents is good because God has commanded it implies the counterfactual that if God commanded other things, those other things would be good. God, by the theory, could have commanded those other things considering how powerful He is.According to the divine command theory, therefore, if God had commanded that one should dishonor his parents, then dishonoring parents would be obligatory instead of forbidden (Wilkens, 1995). This is however absurd. The divine command theory is thus committed to counterfactuals about what would have been good that are patently false. The implication is that, even though God commande d the good, this is only so because it is good and not that it is good because He commanded it.The dilemma in the question of whether what is holy is holy because the gods approve of it, or approve of it because it is holy can only be clearer if the polytheistic assumptions are eliminated and the term holy is replaced with right. If the question is restructured, it will appear as follows does God command us to do what is right because it is right or something is right because God commands it? The question presents two possibilities. First, Gods commands can be conceived of to be right-indicating or pointing towards goodness.Second, it can be conceived of to be right-making or creating rightness. This question is whether God is viewed as a Supreme Court justice or a legislator. The justice comprehends the statutes and can therefore suggest what should be done for one to apprehension within the boundaries of the law. However, the law itself is independent of the justice. The legisla tor on the other hand does not just interpret but also wee-wees law. Until the lawmaker legislates, the law is not in existence. The question thus is which gives a better conception of God?Voluntarists see God as a legislator since they emphasize on His freedom, will and sovereignty. As such, God is not bounded to the dictates of some standard that He did not create. Instead, right is right because God legislates it. The solvent of God that particular actions are good is right making. This view of God as a legislator evades limiting His freedom and power. However, this may create another problem. If God is so radically free and powerful, could he create a world in which torture is good?If His saying so makes it right and there are no limitations on God, could he decide that rape is virtuous? Affirming this option is frightening since there is a natural inclination to believe that a command that we ought to rape would be morally repugnant, even if it emanated from God (Ross Stratt on-Lake 2002). However, there is need to notice its implication. It assumes a standard of goodness that is independent of God. Otherwise we would not have at our disposal anything by which to measure the commands of God.With this regard, a conclusion can be derived that the gods approve of holy (right or goodness) because it is holy (right or good). Holiness is an objective feature of the world and as such, the moral edict is just as a fundamental nature of the universe as the spatial or numeric structure of the universe. Our moral attitudes do not make actions good or right. Rather, they are responses to rightness or goodness. What makes our belief that something is good is the property or objective characteristic of being good that it possess.If one defines holiness as meaning what is approved by the gods, one is putting forward a naturalistic definition. If one however defines it as such that it ought to be desired, one is putting forward a non-naturalistic definition. However, both the definitions fork up that what is good is intrinsic as opposed to what the divine command theorists attempt to postulate. Holiness, goodness or rightness refer to a property or a quality of something and thus, this quality or property cannot be decided by the goods but rather exist independently of the will of the gods.However, there comes a challenge when they refer to a relational property rather than the intrinsic property of the things of which it is predicated. This is the major challenge not only to the divine command theorists but also to Euthyphro.ReferencesPlato, Euthyphro Pojman, L. (2002). Classics of Philosophy. Oxford University Press Ross, W. Stratton-Lake, P. (2002). The Right and the Good. Oxford University Press Wilkens, S. (1995). Beyond bumper spikelet ethics an introduction to theories of right wrong. InterVarsity Press

Why I Will Never Speed Again Essay Example for Free

Why I Will Never Speed Again EssayThe most signifi orduret experience of my tone would be what I am going through right now. I had gotten a railroad car for Christmas from my parents that was 15 days old solely now is a very sporty little car that has a lot of life left in it. About a month afterward I got it, I had just been to gain my girlfriend for a few minutes after work late one Friday night and was on my way home. While I was driving home, I was wholly alone in my car and in that location was non another car to be seen on the open highway and I fateed so bad to see how fast my car would go. So, not using my brain, I floored my car and took forward flyingIt felt absolutely amazing at that moment when I hit 100 miles per hour and kept right on going. It was so fantastic and such a rush until I got the dismay of my life. All of a sudden I saw blue lights in my rear view mirror and went from elation to immediate fright. I was frightened to death and knew I was c aught. I was so nervous with butterflies in my stomach and thought I might even mess my pants I knew then that all I could do now was to be as respectful as I could when the officer walked up to me. I was literally shaking, I was so scared.The officer was very nice about the whole thing, but he in fact clocked me at 112 in a 55 mile per hour zone. He informed me that he could very well arrest me and take me to jail right there on the spot. I was so thankful that he chose to call my parents instead. He did however issue me 2 misdemeanors and a date for court. My dad has a good friend that works for our local sheriffs office and my parents had my butt in his office first thing that following Monday morning and I got an awakening on what it is like to be locked up and got a really long lecture and lessons about how an automobile at that speed drive out be worse than any weapon.I never really thought before that a car can truly be a weapon, but when they got through with me, I complete ly understood how I could of not only go under my own life in grave danger, but that I put other lives in danger as well. This could of cost me owing(p)ly, I could very well have asleep(p) to jail if not of even cost my own life or the life of an innocent individual on the road that night. I could of lost my license completely and not been able to drive over again for a long time, and the money for court and attorneys fees will no doubt cost my parents a great deal (which I have no doubt they will make me pay back).But in the meantime, I decided to make some of my own punishments and am working at least 10 or more hours per week doing voluntary community gain at my local fire station. I have been working my tail off washing fire trucks, sweeping floors, washing garage doors, mopping, characterization and on and on. I dont know yet what the true consequences will be out of all this, because I havent gone to court yet and faced the judge. But I do know that the second scariest thing, after seeing those blue lights behind me that night, will be facing that judge.I am truly scared and ashamed to face my actions. I can only hope that all the voluntary community service I am doing before that time comes will help the judge understand how bad I feel. I am sharing this story because I need others to realize that any automobile can easily be used as a weapon and has the potential to harm people. I want everyone to know, as I do now that the speed limits are there to protect lives and not just to keep us from having fun with our cars. And as for me, I have learned my lesson well and will not be speeding again.